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Source of Electrical Energy There are two types of source of Electrical Energy. Ideal Voltage Source and Ideal Current source. But ideal voltage source and ideal current source doesn't exist practically, so we will discuss about practical source as well. Voltage Source: An ideal voltage source is two terminal element which maintains a terminal voltage v(t) regardless of the value of current through its terminal. Internal Resistance of Ideal source is always Zero, which is not possible in practically. In practical voltage source , The voltage across the terminal of source keep falling as the current through it increases because somewhere resistance is available in the path. I am going to define differences between ideal and Practical Voltage source by figure given following: Ideally internal resistance equal to zero but Practically internal resistance exist and is not equal to zero. V-I Characteristics of Voltage source: V-I characteristics of Ideal and Practical Voltage Source Load...

 Circuit Elements: Basic Elements of Circuit and Networks are Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance. Resistance: The Passage of electrons through a material is not accomplished without collisions of the electrons with other atomic particles.  These collisions are not elastic and energy is lost in each collision. "The amount of energy lost by the electrons is related to the physical properties of a particular substance. This physical property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electrons through the material is known as Resistance." Resistance is denoted by 'R' or 'r' and unit is Ohm.                                                                               R= pl/a   p  = resistivity of material (reciprocal of conductivity)  l   = Leng...

Network and Circuit Network is defined as the an electric network have any possible interconnections of electric circuit elements or branches. Visit this Link to read about basic concept of Circuit Elements An electric circuit is close energized network. "Every circuit is a network but all networks are not circuit". Types of  basic Network: Lumped Network Distributed Network Lumped Network: A network is said to be lumped network in which Resistors, Capacitors and inductors can be represented physically separated. In lumped network we have assumed that magnetic field is associated with inductance and electric field with capacitance, but we are neglected the effect of interaction between the two fields which can not actually be isolated. Distributed Network: In which Resistors, Capacitors and inductors can not be electrically separated and individually isolated as separate elements. e.g. A Transmission line is Distributed Network. Charge: We can define the charge by Atomic theo...

 Circuit Elements: Circuit Elements defined as the any individual circuit component which have two terminals, from which it can be connect to other Electric components is called Circuit elements. Basic elements of a circuit or network are Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor. e.g. Branch: A group of elements usually in series with two terminals. In a simple word we can say that all elements which is used to make a complete circuit or network is called Circuit Elements or Network Elements. Further, Elements are classified as following: Active Element Passive Element Linear Element Non-linear Element Unidirectional Element Bidirectional Element Active Element: When the element is having properties of internal amplification is called Active Element. in other words we can say that when elements is capable in deliver energy independently for infinite time is called Active Element. e.g. Current Source and Voltage Source are independent source therefore it is called Active element. Operation...

  Semiconductor:   Semiconductor is a Material whose Properties lies between Metal (Conductor) and Insulator. As by the name of Semiconductor it is clear that is not a Pure Conductor.   Properties of Semiconductor:                                           Solid-state materials are commonly grouped into three classes: insulators, semiconductors, and conductors. (At low temperatures some conductors, semiconductors, and insulators may become superconductor.)   Energy Gap in Semiconductor is Minor. Energy Gap in insulator is Very High that is why Insulator is not Conduct any current. Energy Gap in Conductor is Zero that is why the conductivity of the conductor is very high.   As we can see in above figure that Energy Band gap of Insulator is very high and for Conductor Energy gap is Zero but for Semiconductor Energy Gap is Neither h...

                                                                                                                  Chapter-1 Hi, This is the Novel which have to Published as soon all chapter will be completed First of all i would like to introduce myself. My name is Azmad. I belong to a village from Sitamarhi District of Bihar. Now I am 27 years old with the height of 6’2”.   I am not so handsome but not looking bad, its average but yes I am Smart. In My Family total 6 members. Mummy, Papa, 2 Elder Sister and one Elder Brother. I am the youngest person in my family.   Both sisters’ are married and my elder brother is also a Bachelor. He is just one year older than me. My father is a Princi...